《敦煌莫高窟土塔研究》
本书分为调查篇与研究篇,主要对敦煌莫高窟及其周边现存的古代土塔遗址做了全面的考古调查,用文字、测绘、摄影等手段详细记录了塔的位置、内容、保存状况,考订其题材与年代,研究其艺术风格及宗教内涵。
　　在土塔的个案研究方面,取得了不少成果,如对涅槃寺(原称天王堂)的正名、对于阗皇太子广济大师和于阗公主的新见解,并由此补充文献记载的不足,重构这段历史;对第161窟佛坛上善恶童子身份的认定及塔、窟之间的关系进行的阐释;对执扇弥勒菩萨的解读和慈氏塔年代的考证,等等。

目录
绪论
一、塔的起源/001
二、敦煌古塔历史管窥/015
三、研究对象、研究史、研究意义及方法/021
上篇 调查篇
第一章 莫高窟崖面上方塔
第一节 莫高窟第143窟上方土塔(第23号塔)/034
一、土塔概况及研究史/034
二、土塔内容/037
三、土塔的建造年代、主尊塑像及相关内容/048
四、结语/057
第二节 涅槃寺(第21号塔,原称天王堂)/057
一、涅槃寺概况/057
二、涅槃寺研究前史回顾/062
三、涅槃寺内壁画与塑像内容/067
四、小结/088
第三节 古道口土塔(第20号塔)及涅槃寺前方遗址/096
一、古道口土塔/096
二、涅槃寺前土遗址/096
第二章 莫高窟窟内塔
第一节 莫高窟第285窟窟内塔/101
一、第285-1号塔/105
二、第285-2号塔/108
三、第285-3号塔/110
四、第285-4号塔/114
五、第285-5号塔/114
六、小结/116
第二节 莫高窟第328窟窟内塔/117
一、第328窟窟内塔/117
二、第328窟窟内塔的年代/119
第三节 莫高窟北区B142、B77窟窟内塔/120
一、莫高窟B142、B77窟窟内塔/120
二、莫高窟北区窟内塔相关问题/123
第三章 莫高窟宕泉河河岸塔及三危山山脚下、乐僔堂后侧塔
第一节 莫高窟宕泉河东岸第12号塔/125
一、第12号塔概况/125
二、第12号塔内内容/127
三、第12号塔的时代和性质/130
四、小结/131
第二节 莫高窟宕泉河东岸第16号塔/134
一、第16号塔概况/134
二、第16号塔塔内内容/134
第三节 莫高窟宕泉河东岸第17号塔/149
一、第17号塔概况/149
二、第17号塔塔内内容/150
第四节 莫高窟宕泉河河岸喇嘛塔(第1、2、3、5、6、7、8、9、10、13、14、15、18、19号塔)/162
一、第1号塔/163
二、第2、3、5号塔/163
三、第6、7、8号塔/171
四、第9、10号塔/175
五、第13、14、15号塔/178
六、第18号塔/181
七、第19号塔/183
第五节 清代、民国塔(宝瓶式塔)/184
一、清代喇嘛(法讳罗禳丹)塔(第11号塔)/184
二、王圆箓塔(第4号塔)/186
三、关于窟前(宕泉河西岸)塔的相关问题/189
第六节 三危山山脚下与乐僔堂后侧的塔及南天门/193
一、三危山山脚下的塔/193
二、乐僔堂后侧塔/193
三、南天门/196
第四章 敦煌三危山老君堂塔
第一节 慈氏塔/198
一、慈氏塔概况/198
二、慈氏塔内容/200
第二节 三危山老君堂现存塔/211
一、圆锥顶小塔/214
二、圆形土塔/229
三、方形土塔/233
第三节 观音井后山山顶塔和王母宫砖木塔/235
一、观音井后山顶塔/235
二、王母宫砖木塔/235
第五章 敦煌莫高窟成城湾土塔及其他遗址
第一节 成城湾大华塔/239
一、大华塔概况/239
二、大华塔塔内/244
三、关于华塔及年代问题/249
第二节 成城湾小华塔及其他/253
一、小华塔概况/253
二、小华塔塔内/255
三、方城/256
四、小结/256
下篇 研究篇
第六章 莫高窟崖面上方塔相关问题研究
第一节 《辛亥年腊八燃灯分配窟龛名数》文书中的“法华塔”考/261
一、莫高窟第143、161窟上方塔非法华塔/262
二、法华塔为莫高窟第234窟上方之塔/264
三、吴和尚所建法华塔/276
四、结语/277
第二节 莫高窟第156、161窟及上方塔内容、关系等相关问题/278
一、莫高窟第156、161窟与其上方塔的内容/281
二、莫高窟第161窟上方塔与张氏重修“故塔”以及张族寺院辨析/288
三、悟真与莫高窟第156窟的关系/292
四、敦煌文献P.397/293
五、莫高窟第161窟中心坛上现存二身塑像为童子像/300
六、莫高窟第161窟中心坛上主尊为两臂或多臂观音像/304
七、莫高窟第161窟的时代、功��主及其性质/314
八、结语/323
第三节 于阗皇室与敦煌涅槃寺/325
一、涅槃寺内东壁门上的发愿文/325
二、涅槃寺东壁门两侧的供养人题记/327
三、皇太子广济大师考/329
四、涅槃寺塔内东壁门南侧第一身供养僧人/339
五、曹延禄姬于阗公主/339
六、涅槃寺的性质与修建年代/341
七、涅槃寺与天王堂的关系考/346
八、结语/350
第四节 莫高窟涅槃寺内十方赴会佛/351
一、涅槃寺内的十方佛/351
二、涅槃寺内十方佛的意义/356
三、结语/365
第七章 莫高窟宕泉河东岸藏传佛教塔
第一节 莫高窟第16号塔相关问题/368
一、莫高窟第16号塔的年代/369
二、莫高窟第16号塔反映的密教思想/376
三、余论/377
第二节 莫高窟第17号塔相关问题/378
一、第17号塔的修建年代/378
二、结语/386
第三节 历代帝王对舍利的追捧和宋、西夏佛塔的兴建/387
一、历代帝王对舍利的追捧/387
二、北宋、西夏佛塔的兴建/395
第八章 敦煌执扇弥勒菩萨与慈氏塔的修建年代
第一节 敦煌执扇弥勒菩萨考/405
一、弥勒菩萨造像仪轨回顾/406
二、敦煌石窟中的执扇弥勒菩萨/409
三、执扇弥勒菩萨相关问题研究/414
四、画家高文进与执扇弥勒菩萨像/425
五、结语/428
第二节 敦煌慈氏塔的修建年代/431
一、慈氏塔内部分壁画内容/432
二、壁画内容特征分析/433
三、慈氏塔与弥勒信仰/444
第九章 成城湾大小华塔相关问题考证
第一节 成城湾与仙岩寺、讲堂/448
一、关于仙岩寺/448
二、关于讲堂/452
三、小结/456
第二节 成城湾大华塔为舍利塔/457
一、天禧塔/457
二、天禧塔及安置天禧塔的华塔是舍利塔/460
三、天禧塔、敦煌舍利及董保��重修普净塔等相关问题/467
四、结语/479
第十章 莫高窟及其周边土塔的类型、布局及形制探源
第一节 莫高窟及周边塔的类型/482
第二节 莫高窟及周边塔的形制探源/494
一、阿育王塔相关问题/494
二、方形塔与八角形塔/504
三、十字折角式覆钵塔/507
第三节 结语/510
参考文献/514
索引/534
后记/537
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
I.The origin of the pagodas/001
II.A glimpse into the history of the ancient pagodas at Dunhuang/015
III.Research objects, research history, research significance and methodology/021
PART 1 INVESTIGATION OF THE PAGODAS
CHAPTER 1 PAGODAS ON THE TOP OF THE CLIFF OF THE MOGAO GROTTOES
1.1 The pagoda above Mogao cave 143 (Pagoda 23)/034
1.General situation and research history of the earthen pagoda/034
2.Contents of the earthen pagoda/037
3.Construction time and main statues of the earthen pagoda and related contents/048
4.Conclusion/057
1.2 The Niepan (Nirvana) Temple (Pagoda 21, also known as the Hall of Heavenly King)/057
1.General situation of the Nirvana Temple/057
2.A summary of the research history of the Nirvana Temple/062
3.Contents of the wall paintings and statues in the Nirvana Temple/067
4.Conclusion/088
1.3 The earthen pagoda of Gudaokou (Pagoda 20) and the earthen site in front of the Nirvana Temple/096
1.The earthen pagoda of Gudaokou/096
2.The earthen site in front of the Nirvana Temple/096
CHAPTER 2 PAGODAS IN THE MOGAO CAVES
2.1 Pagodas in Mogao cave 285/101
1.Pagoda 1 in cave 285 (numbered 285-1)/105
2.Pagoda 2 in cave 285 (numbered 285-2)/108
3.Pagoda 3 in cave 285 (numbered 285-3)/110
4.Pagoda 4 in cave 285 (numbered 285-4)/114
5.Pagoda 5 in cave 285 (numbered 285-5)/114
6.Conclusion/116
2.2 The Pagoda in Mogao cave 328/117
1.The pagoda in cave 328/117
2.Construction date of the pagoda in cave 328/119
2.3 Pagodas in the Northern Area caves at Mogao/120
1.Pagodas in caves B142 and B77/120
2.Related issues about the pagodas in caves B142 and B77/123
CHAPTER 3 PAGODAS SITUATED ON THE BANK OF THE DANGQUAN RIVER, AT THE FOOT OF THE SANWEI MOUNTAINS, AND AT THE BACK SIDE OF THE MEMORIAL HALL OF MONK YUEZUN
3.1 Pagoda 12 on the east bank of the Dangquan River/125
1.General situation of Pagoda 12/125
2.Contents in Pagoda 12/127
3.Construction date and nature of Pagoda 12/130
4.Conclusion/131
3.2 Pagoda 16 on the east bank of the Dangquan River/134
1.General situation of Pagoda 16/134
2.Contents in Pagoda 16/134
3.3 Pagoda 17 on the east bank of the Dangquan River/149
1.General situation of Pagoda 17/149
2.Contents in Pagoda 17/150
3.4 Lamaist pagodas on the banks of the Dangquan River (Pagodas 1-3, 5-10, 13-15 and 18-19, totaling up to 14 pagodas)/162
1.Pagoda 1/163
2.Pagodas 2, 3 and 5/163
3.Pagodas 6-8/171
4.Pagodas 9-10/175
5.Pagodas 13-15/178
6.Pagoda 18/181
7.Pagoda 19/183
3.5 Pagodas of the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China/184
1.The pagoda of the Qing dynasty Lama (known as Luo Rangdan) (Pagoda 11)/184
2.The pagoda of Taoist Priest Wang Yuanlu (Pagoda 4)/186
3.Related issues about the pagodas in front of the caves (on the west bank of the Dangquan River)/189
3.6 Pagodas at the foot of the Sanwei Mountains and at the back side of the Memorial Hall of Monk Yuezun and The South Gate of Heaven/193
1.Pagodas at the foot of the Sanwei Mountains/193
2.Pagodas at the back side of the Memorial Hall of Monk Yuezun/193
3.The South Gate of Heaven/196
CHAPTER 4 PAGODAS RESPECTIVELY IN THE LAOJUN (LORD LAOZI) HALL ON THE TOP OF THE SANWEI MOUNTAIN, ON THE TOP OF THE HILL AT THE BACK OF GUANYINJING,AND IN THE QUEEN MOTHER’S PALACE
4.1 The Maitreya Pagoda/198
1.General situation of the Maitreya Pagoda/198
2.Contents in the Maitreya Pagoda/200
4.2 The Pagodas currently preserved at the Laojun Hall on the top of the Sanwei Moutain/211
1.Conical earthen pagodas/214
2.Circular earthen pagodas/229
3.Square earthen pagodas/233
4.3 Pagodas on the top of the hill at the back of Guanyinjing, and the wooden one in Queen Mother’s Palace/235
1.Pagodas on the top of the hill at the back of Guanyinjing/235
2.The wooden pagoda in Queen Mother’s Palace/235
CHAPTER 5 EARTHEN PAGODAS OF CHENGCHENGWAN AT DUNHUANG MOGAO GROTTOES AND OTHER RUINS
5.1 Large flower pagoda of Chengchengwan/239
1.General situation of the large flower pagoda/239
2.Contents in the large flower pagoda/244
3.Issues about the flower pagoda and its date/249
5.2 Small flower pagoda and others/253
1.General situation of the small flower pagoda/253
2.Contents in the small flower pagoda/255
3.Square City site/256
4.Conclusion/256
PART 2 RESEARCH OF THE PAGODAS CHAPTER 6 RELATED ISSUES ABOUT THE PAGODAS ON THE TOP OF THE CLIFF OF THE MOGAO CAVES
6.1 A study on the “Lotus-Flower Pagoda” mentioned in Dunhuang document The Distribution of Lighting Lamps in the Mogao Grottoes on November 8th in the Year of Xinhai/261
1.Neither pagodas above Mogao caves 143 and 161 are the lotus-flower pagoda/262
2.The lotus-flower pagoda refers to the one above Mogao cave 234/264
3.The lotus-flower pagoda constructed by Monk Wu/276
4.Conclusion/277
6.2 The contents in the pagodas above Mogao caves 156 and 161 and their relationship/278
1.Contents in Both Mogao caves 156 and 161 and the pagodas above them/281
2.A textual research on the relation between the pagoda above Mogao cave 161, the pagoda renovated by the Zhang family, and the temple of the Zhang family/288
3.On the relationship between Monk Wuzhen and Mogao cave 156/292
4.Dunhuang document P.397/293
5.The current two statues on the central altar in Mogao cave 161 are statues of children/300
6.The main statue on the central altar in Mogao cave 161 is the Guanyin statue with two or more arms/304
7.On the construction time, donors and nature of Mogao cave 161/314
8.Conclusion/323
6.3 The royal family of Khotan and the Nirvana Temple/325
1.A votive text above the entrance on the east wall in the Nirvana Temple/325
2.Inscriptions of donors on the two sides of the entrance (east) wall in the Nirvana Temple/327
3.On Master Guangji, a crown prince/329
4.The first monk donor figures on the south side of the east wall in the pagoda in the Nirvana Temple/339
5.Cao Yuanlu’s concubine, princess of Khotan/339
6.On the nature and construction date of the Nirvana Temple/341
7.On the relationship between the Nirvana Temple and the Hall of Heavenly King/346
8.Conclusion/350
6.4 Buddhas of the Ten Directions attending the assembly in the Nirvana Temple/351
1.Buddha of the Ten Directions/351
2.The meaning of the Buddhas of the Ten Directions in the Nirvana Temple/356
3.Conclusion/365
CHAPTER 7 PAGODAS OF TIBETAN BUDDHISM ON THE EAST BANK OF THE DANGQUAN RIVER AT MOGAO
7.1 Related issues about Pagoda 16 of Mogao Grottoes/368
1.Construction date of Pagoda 16/369
2.Esoteric Buddhist ideas suggested by Pagoda 16/376
3.Conclusion/377
7.2 Related issues about Pagoda 17 of Mogao Grothoes/378
1.On the construction date and style of Pagoda 17/378
2.Conclusion/386
7.3 The faith of emperors of the past dynasties in sarira and the construction of Buddhist pagodas in the Song and Western Xia dynasties/387
1.The faith of emperors of the past dynasties in sarira/387
2.Construction of Buddhist pagodas in the Song and Western Xia dynasties/395
CHAPTER 8 THE CONSTRUCTION DATE OF THE MAITREYA PAGODA AND MAITREYA BODHISATTVA HOLDING A FAN
8.1 A Study on the image of Maitreya Bodhisattva holding a fan in Dunhuang wall paintings/405
1.A Review of the regulations for the images of Maitreya Bodhisattva holding a fan/406
2.Images of Maitreya Bodhisattva holding a fan in Dunhuang caves/409
3.Research on related issues about the images of Maitreya Bodhisattva holding a fan/414
4.On the relationship between Painter Gao Wenjin and the image of Maitreya Bodhisattva holding a fan/425
5.Conclusion/428
8.2 On the construction date of the Maiatreya Pagoda/431
1.Contents of some murals inside the Maitreya Pagoda/432
2.On the style and contents of the murals/433
3.On the relationship between the Maitreya Pagoda and Maitreya worship/444
CHAPTER 9 A TEXTUAL RESEARCH ON THE RELATED ISSUES ABOUT THE LARGE AND SMALL FLOWER PAGODAS OF CHENGC-HENGWAN
9.1 Chengchengwan, the Xianyan Temple, and the Lecture Hall/448
1.About the Xianyan Temple/448
2.About the Lecture Hall/452
3.Conclusion/456
9.2 The large flower pagoda of Chengchengwan is a stupa/457
1.Tianxi Pagoda/457
2.Both the Tianxi Pagoda and the flower pagoda in which the Tianxi Pagoda is situated are stupas/460
3.Related issues about the Tianxi Pagoda, Dunhuang Buddhist relics and the Pujing Pagoda renovated by Dong Baode/467
4.Conclusion/479
CHAPTER 10 A STUDY ON THE TYPES AND LAYOUT AND SOURCE OF FORMS OF THE PAGODAS IN MOGAO AND ITS SURROUDING AREA
10.1 Types of pagodas in the Mogao Grottoes site and the surrounding areas/482
10.2 A Study on the origin of the forms of the pagodas in Mogao and its surrounding area/494
1.Related issues about the asoka pagoda/494
2.Square pagodas and octagonal pagodas/504
3.Pagodas consisting of a dome and a cross-shaped plan/507
10.3 Conclusion/510
BIBLIOGRAPHY/514
INDEX/534
POSTSCRIPT/537